菜鸟级SQL21天自学通[PDF电子书]

时　间:2015-08-23 10:35:38
作　者:易勋   ID：35404  城市：上海
摘　要:菜鸟级SQL21天自学通[PDF电子书]
正　文:

目录
目录.................................................................................................................................... 1
译者的话............................................................................................................................. 14
第一周概貌.......................................................................................................................... 16
从这里开始............................................................................................................. 16
第一天SQL 简介.................................................................................................................. 17
SQL 简史................................................................................................................ 17
数据库简史............................................................................................................. 17
设计数据库的结构................................................................................................... 21
SQL 总览......................................................................................................... 23
流行的SQL 开发工具....................................................................................... 24
SQL 在编程中的应用........................................................................................ 27
第二天查询— — Select 语句的使用................................................................................... 30
目标.................................................................................................................... 30
背景................................................................................................................. 30
一般的语法规则............................................................................................... 30
你的第一个查询............................................................................................... 33
总结.................................................................................................................... 37
问与答................................................................................................................. 38
校练场.................................................................................................................... 38
练习.................................................................................................................... 39
第三天表达式条件语句与运算.......................................................................................... 40
第四天函数对数据的进一步处理....................................................................................... 60
目标.................................................................................................................... 60
汇总函数................................................................................................................. 60
COUNT............................................................................................................ 61
SUM ................................................................................................................ 61
AVG................................................................................................................. 63
MAX................................................................................................................ 63
MIN................................................................................................................. 64
VARIANCE...................................................................................................... 65
STDDEV.......................................................................................................... 66

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日期/时间函数......................................................................................................... 66
ADD_MONTHS................................................................................................ 67
LAST_DAY...................................................................................................... 68
MONTHS_BETWEEN....................................................................................... 69
NEW_TIME...................................................................................................... 70
NEXT_DAY...................................................................................................... 71
SYSDATE......................................................................................................... 72
数学函数................................................................................................................. 72
ABS ................................................................................................................. 73
CEIL 和FLOOR ............................................................................................... 73
COS COSH SIN SINH TAN TANH........................................................ 73
EXP................................................................................................................. 75
LN and LOG..................................................................................................... 75
MOD................................................................................................................ 76
POWER............................................................................................................ 77
SIGN ............................................................................................................... 77
SQRT ............................................................................................................... 78
字符函数................................................................................................................. 79
CHR................................................................................................................. 79
CONCAT .......................................................................................................... 79
INITCAP.......................................................................................................... 80
LOWER 和UPPER ........................................................................................... 81
LPAD 与RPAD................................................................................................. 82
LTRIM 与RTRIM............................................................................................. 83
REPLACE ........................................................................................................ 84
SUBSTR........................................................................................................... 85
TRANSLATE.................................................................................................... 88
INSTR ............................................................................................................. 88
LENGTH.......................................................................................................... 89
转换函数................................................................................................................. 89
TO_CHAR........................................................................................................ 90
TO_NUMBER................................................................................................... 91
其它函数................................................................................................................. 91
GREATEST 与LEAST...................................................................................... 91
USER............................................................................................................... 92
总结........................................................................................................................ 92
问与答.................................................................................................................... 93
校练场.................................................................................................................... 93
练习........................................................................................................................ 94
第五天SQL 中的子句........................................................................................................... 95

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目标.................................................................................................................... 95
Where 子句.......................................................................................................... 96
STARTING WITH子句............................................................................................ 98
orDER BY 子句..................................................................................................... 99
GROUP BY 子句....................................................................................................104
HAVING 子句.........................................................................................................109
子句的综合应用.....................................................................................................112
总结.......................................................................................................................117
问与答...................................................................................................................117
校练场...................................................................................................................117
练习.......................................................................................................................118
第六天表的联合..................................................................................................................119
介绍.......................................................................................................................119
在一个Select 语句中使用多个表.........................................................................119
正确地找到列..................................................................................................123
等值联合................................................................................................................124
不等值联合............................................................................................................129
外部联合与内部联合..............................................................................................130
表的自我联合.........................................................................................................132
总结.......................................................................................................................134
问与答...................................................................................................................134
校练场...................................................................................................................134
练习.......................................................................................................................135
第七天子查询内嵌的SQL 子句........................................................................................136
目标...................................................................................................................136
建立一个子查询.....................................................................................................136
在子查询中使用汇总函数.......................................................................................140
子查询的嵌套.........................................................................................................141
相关子查询............................................................................................................144
EXISTS ANY ALL 的使用.................................................................................147

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总结.......................................................................................................................151
问与答...................................................................................................................151
校练场...................................................................................................................152
练习...................................................................................................................153
第一周回顾............................................................................................................................154
预览.......................................................................................................................154
第二周概貌............................................................................................................................155
这一周都讲些什么..................................................................................................155
第八天操作数据..................................................................................................................156
目标.......................................................................................................................156
数据操作语句.........................................................................................................156
插入语句................................................................................................................157
Insert VALUES 语句.....................................................................................157
Insert Select 语句.....................................................................................161
Update语句........................................................................................................163
Delete 语句.........................................................................................................166
从外部数据源中导入和导出数据.............................................................................169
Microsoft Access ..............................................................................................170
Microsoft and Sybase SQL Server ......................................................................171
Personal oracle7...............................................................................................171
总结.......................................................................................................................172
问与答...................................................................................................................172
校练场...................................................................................................................173
练习.......................................................................................................................173
第九天创建和操作表...........................................................................................................174
目标...................................................................................................................174
Create DATABASE 语句......................................................................................174
建立数据库时的选项.......................................................................................175
设计数据库.....................................................................................................176
建立数据字典..................................................................................................176
建立关键字段..................................................................................................177
Create TABLE 语句.............................................................................................178
表名................................................................................................................179

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FIRST NAME..................................................................................................179
空值属性.........................................................................................................180
唯一属性.........................................................................................................181
表的存储与尺寸的调整....................................................................................183
用一个已经存在的表来建表.............................................................................184
Alter TABLE 语句...............................................................................................185
Drop TABLE 语句.................................................................................................186
Drop DATABASE语句..........................................................................................187
总结.......................................................................................................................188
问与答...................................................................................................................188
校练场...................................................................................................................189
练习.......................................................................................................................190
第10 天创建视图和索引.......................................................................................................191
目标.......................................................................................................................191
使用视图................................................................................................................192
列的重命名.....................................................................................................196
SQL 对视图的处理过程...................................................................................197
在Select 语句使用约束................................................................................201
在视图中修改数据...........................................................................................201
在视图中修改数据的几个问题.........................................................................203
通用应用程序的视图.......................................................................................204
删除视图语句..................................................................................................207
使用索引................................................................................................................207
什么是索引..................................................................................................207
使用索引的技巧..............................................................................................212
对更多的字段进行索引....................................................................................212
在创建索引时使用UNIQUE 关键字.................................................................214
索引与归并.....................................................................................................216
群集簇的使用...........................................................................................217
总结.......................................................................................................................218
问与答................................................................................................................219
校练场...................................................................................................................219
练习...................................................................................................................220
第11 天事务处理控制.........................................................................................................221
目标...................................................................................................................221
事务控制................................................................................................................221

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银行应用程序..................................................................................................222
开始事务处理..................................................................................................223
结束事务处理..................................................................................................225
取消事务处理..................................................................................................228
在事务中使用保存点.......................................................................................231
总结.......................................................................................................................234
问与答...................................................................................................................234
校练场...................................................................................................................235
练习.......................................................................................................................235
第12 天数据库安全............................................................................................................236
前提数据库管理员..............................................................................................236
流行的数据库产品与安全.......................................................................................237
如何让一个数据库变得安全....................................................................................237
Personal oracle7 与安全..........................................................................................238
创建用户.........................................................................................................238
创建角色.........................................................................................................240
用户权限.........................................................................................................242
为安全的目的而使用视图................................................................................247
总结.......................................................................................................................251
问与答...................................................................................................................252
校练场...................................................................................................................252
练习.......................................................................................................................253
第13 天高级 SQL.................................................................................................................254
目标...................................................................................................................254
临时表...................................................................................................................254
Title ................................................................................................................257
游标.......................................................................................................................259
创建游标.........................................................................................................260
打开游标.........................................................................................................260
使用游标来进行翻阅.......................................................................................261
测试游标的状态..............................................................................................262
关闭游标.........................................................................................................263
游标的适用范围..............................................................................................264
创建和使用存贮过程..............................................................................................265
在存贮过程中使用参数....................................................................................267

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删除一个存贮过程...........................................................................................269
存贮过程的嵌套..............................................................................................270
设计和使用触发机制..............................................................................................272
触发机制与事务处理.......................................................................................273
使用触发机制时的限制....................................................................................275
触发机制的嵌套..............................................................................................275
在选择语句中使用更新和删除................................................................................275
在执行前测试选择语句....................................................................................276
嵌入型SQL............................................................................................................277
静态SQL 与动态SQL.....................................................................................277
使用SQL 来编程....................................................................................................279
总结.......................................................................................................................280
问与答...................................................................................................................280
校练场...................................................................................................................280
练习.......................................................................................................................281
第14 天动态使用SQL ........................................................................................................282
目标.......................................................................................................................282
快速入门................................................................................................................282
ODBC .............................................................................................................282
Personal oracle 7..............................................................................................283
InterBase SQL ISQL ...................................................................................283
Visual C++ ......................................................................................................284
Delphi.............................................................................................................284
设置.......................................................................................................................284
创建数据库............................................................................................................285
使用MS QUERY 来完成链接..................................................................................290
将VISUAL C++与SQL 结合使用...........................................................................292
将DELPHI 与SQL 结合使用..................................................................................296
总结.......................................................................................................................302
问与答...................................................................................................................303
校练场...................................................................................................................303
练习.......................................................................................................................303
第二周回顾............................................................................................................................304
第三周概貌............................................................................................................................305

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应用你对SQL 的知识.............................................................................................305
第15 天对SQL 语句优化以提高其性能...............................................................................306
目标.......................................................................................................................306
让你的SQL 语句更易读.........................................................................................307
全表扫描................................................................................................................308
加入一个新的索引..................................................................................................309
在查询中各个元素的布局.......................................................................................309
过程................................................................................................................311
避免使用OR...................................................................................................311
OLAP 与OLTP 的比较...........................................................................................313
OLTP 的调试...................................................................................................313
OLAP 的调试..................................................................................................314
批量载入与事务处理进程.......................................................................................314
删除索引以优化数据的载入....................................................................................316
经常使用COMMIT 来让DBA 走开........................................................................316
在动态环境中重新生成表和索引.............................................................................317
数据库的调整.........................................................................................................319
性能的障碍............................................................................................................322
内置的调整工具.....................................................................................................323
总结.......................................................................................................................323
问与答...................................................................................................................324
校练场...................................................................................................................324
练习.......................................................................................................................324
第16 天用视图从数据字典中获得信息................................................................................326
目标.......................................................................................................................326
数据字典简介.........................................................................................................326
用户的数据字典.....................................................................................................327
数据字典中的内容..................................................................................................327
oracle 的数据字典...........................................................................................328
Sybase 的数据字典..........................................................................................328
orACLE 数据字典的内部结构...............................................................................328
用户视图.........................................................................................................328

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系统数据库管理员视图....................................................................................336
数据库对象.....................................................................................................339
数据库的生长..................................................................................................343
动态执行视图..................................................................................................347
总结.......................................................................................................................349
问与答...................................................................................................................349
校练场...................................................................................................................350
练习.......................................................................................................................350
第17 天使用SQL 来生成SQL 语句....................................................................................351
目标.......................................................................................................................351
使用SQL 来生成SQL 语句的目的..........................................................................351
几个SQL*PLUS 命令.............................................................................................352
SET ECHO ON/OFF.........................................................................................353
SET FEEDBACK ON/OFF................................................................................353
SET HEADING ON/OFF ..................................................................................353
SPOOL FILENAME/OFF..................................................................................353
START FILENAME..........................................................................................354
ED FILENAME................................................................................................354
计算所有的表中的行数...........................................................................................354
为多个用户赋予系统权限.......................................................................................359
将你的表的权限赋予其它的用户.............................................................................361
在载入数据时解除对数的约束................................................................................363
一次创建多个同义字..............................................................................................364
为你的表创建视图..................................................................................................368
在一个计划中清除其所有的表的内容......................................................................369
使用SQL 来生成SHELL 脚本................................................................................371
再建表和索引.........................................................................................................372
总结.......................................................................................................................373
问与答...................................................................................................................373
校练场...................................................................................................................373
练习.......................................................................................................................374
第18 天PL/SQL 简介..........................................................................................................376
目标.......................................................................................................................376

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入门.......................................................................................................................376
在PL/SQL 中的数据类型........................................................................................377
字符串类型.....................................................................................................377
数值数据类型..................................................................................................378
二进制数据类型.....................................................................................................378
日期数据类型.........................................................................................................378
逻辑数据类型.........................................................................................................378
ROWID...........................................................................................................379
PL/SQL 块的结构...................................................................................................379
注释.......................................................................................................................380
DECLARE 部分......................................................................................................380
变量声明.........................................................................................................380
常量定义.........................................................................................................381
指针定义.........................................................................................................381
%TYPE 属性...................................................................................................382
%ROWTYPE 属性...........................................................................................382
%ROWCOUNT 属性........................................................................................383
Procdure 部分.........................................................................................................383
BEGIN … … END..............................................................................................383
指针控制命令..................................................................................................384
条件语句.........................................................................................................386
LOOPS 循环....................................................................................................387
EXCEPTION 部分..................................................................................................390
激活EXCEPTION 异常.............................................................................390
异常的处理.....................................................................................................391
将输入返回给用户..................................................................................................392
在PL/SQL 中的事务控制........................................................................................393
让所有的事在一起工作....................................................................................394
示例表及数据..................................................................................................394
一个简单的PL/SQL 语句块.............................................................................395
又一个程序.....................................................................................................398
存储过程包和触发机制.......................................................................................403
总结.......................................................................................................................406
问与答...................................................................................................................407
校练场...................................................................................................................407
练习.......................................................................................................................407

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第19 天TRANSACT-SQL 简介............................................................................................408
目标.......................................................................................................................408
TRANSACT-SQL 概貌............................................................................................408
对ANSI SQL 的扩展..............................................................................................408
谁需要使用TRANSACT-SQL..........................................................................409
TRANSACT-SQL 的基本组件..........................................................................409
数据类型................................................................................................................409
使用TRANSACT-SQL 来访问数据库......................................................................411
BASEBALL 数据库.........................................................................................411
定义局部变量..................................................................................................414
定义全局变量..................................................................................................414
使用变量.........................................................................................................415
PRINT 命令....................................................................................................417
流控制...................................................................................................................417
BEGIN … … END 语句......................................................................................418
IF … … ELSE 语句............................................................................................418
EXIST 条件.....................................................................................................421
WHILE 循环....................................................................................................422
使用WHILE 循环在表中翻阅..........................................................................424
TRANSACT-SQL 中的通配符.................................................................................426
使用COMPUTE 来生成摘要报告............................................................................426
日期转换................................................................................................................427
SQL SERVER 的诊断工具— — SET 命令..................................................................427
总结.......................................................................................................................428
问与答...................................................................................................................428
校练场...................................................................................................................429
练习.......................................................................................................................429
第20 天SQL*PLUS .............................................................................................................430
目标.......................................................................................................................430
简介.......................................................................................................................430
SQL*PLUS 缓存.....................................................................................................430
DESCRIBE 命令.....................................................................................................435
SHOW 命令............................................................................................................436
文件命令................................................................................................................438

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SAVE GET EDIT 命令................................................................................438
运行一个文件..................................................................................................439
查询的假脱机输出...........................................................................................440
SET 命令...............................................................................................................442
LOGIN.SQL 文件...................................................................................................445
CLEAR 命令..........................................................................................................446
将你的输出格式化..................................................................................................446
TTITLE 与BTITLE..........................................................................................446
格式化列COLUMN HEADING FORMAT ..............................................447
报表与分类汇总.....................................................................................................449
BREAK ON.....................................................................................................449
COMPUTE......................................................................................................450
在SQL*PLUS 中使用变量......................................................................................453
DEFINE ..........................................................................................................454
ACCEPT .........................................................................................................455
NEW_VALUE..................................................................................................457
DUAL 表........................................................................................................458
DECODE 函数.................................................................................................459
日期转换................................................................................................................462
运行一系列的SQL 文件.........................................................................................465
在你的SQL 脚本中加入注释..................................................................................466
高级报表................................................................................................................467
总结.......................................................................................................................469
问与答...................................................................................................................469
校练场...................................................................................................................469
练习.......................................................................................................................470
第21 天常见的SQL 错误及解决方法..................................................................................471
目标...................................................................................................................471
介绍.......................................................................................................................471
常见的错误............................................................................................................471
Table or View Does Not Exist.............................................................................471
Invalid Username or Password ...........................................................................472
FROM Keyword Not Specified...........................................................................473
Group Function Is Not Allowed Here ..................................................................474
Invalid Column Name........................................................................................475

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Missing Keyword .............................................................................................475
Missing Left Parenthesis ....................................................................................476
Missing Right Parenthesis ..................................................................................477
Missing Comma................................................................................................478
Column Ambiguously Defined ...........................................................................478
Not Enough Arguments for Function...................................................................480
Not Enough Values............................................................................................481
Integrity Constraint Violated--Parent Key Not Found ............................................482
oracle Not Available .........................................................................................483
Inserted Value Too Large for Column ..................................................................483
TNS:listener Could Not Resolve SID Given in Connect Descriptor .........................484
Insufficient Privileges During Grants...................................................................484
Escape Character in Your Statement--Invalid Character .........................................485
Cannot Create Operating System File ..................................................................485
Common Logical Mistakes.................................................................................485
Using Reserved Words in Your SQL statement .....................................................486
The Use of DISTINCT When Selecting Multiple Columns.....................................487
Dropping an Unqualified Table ...........................................................................487
The Use of Public Synonyms in a Multischema Database.......................................488
The Dreaded Cartesian Product ..........................................................................488
Failure to Enforce File System Structure Conventions ...........................................489
Allowing Large Tables to Take Default Storage Parameters....................................489
Placing Objects in the System Tablespace............................................................490
Failure to Compress Large Backup Files ..............................................................491
Failure to Budget System Resources ...................................................................491
Preventing Problems with Your Data...................................................................491
Searching for Duplicate Records in Your Database................................................491
总结...................................................................................................................491
校练场...................................................................................................................492
练习.......................................................................................................................492
第三周回顾............................................................................................................................494
附件A 在SQL 中的常见术语...............................................................................................495
Alter DATABASE.........................................................................................495
Alter USER..................................................................................................495
BEGIN TRANSACTION ..................................................................................495
CLOSE CURSOR.............................................................................................495
COMMIT TRANSACTION...............................................................................496
Create DATABASE.......................................................................................496
Create INDEX..............................................................................................496
Create PROCEDURE....................................................................................496
Create TABLE..............................................................................................497
Create TRIGGER..........................................................................................497

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Create USER................................................................................................497
Create VIEW................................................................................................497
DEALLOCATE CURSOR.................................................................................498
Drop DATABASE...........................................................................................498
Drop INDEX..................................................................................................498
Drop PROCEDURE........................................................................................498
Drop TABLE..................................................................................................498
Drop TRIGGER .............................................................................................499
Drop VIEW....................................................................................................499
EXECUTE.......................................................................................................499
FETCH............................................................................................................499
FROM.............................................................................................................499
GRANT...........................................................................................................500
GROUP BY.....................................................................................................500
HAVING..........................................................................................................500
INTERSECT....................................................................................................500
orDER BY.....................................................................................................500
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION ..........................................................................500
REVOKE.........................................................................................................500
Select..........................................................................................................501
SET TRANSACTION.......................................................................................501
UNION............................................................................................................501
Where..........................................................................................................501
*.....................................................................................................................501
附件B 在第14 天中的C++源代码清单................................................................................502
附件 C 第14 天中的Delphi 源代码清单...............................................................................521
附件D 参考内容..................................................................................................................524
书..........................................................................................................................524
Developing Sybase Applications ..................................................................524
Sybase Developer's Guide ...........................................................................524
Microsoft SQL Server 6.5 Unleashed, 2E ......................................................524
Teach Yourself Delphi in 21 Days ................................................................524
Delphi Developer's Guide ...........................................................................524
Delphi Programming Unleashed ..................................................................525
Essential oracle 7.2 ...................................................................................525
Developing Personal oracle7 for Windows 95 Applications ............................525
Teach Yourself C++ Programming in 21 Days ...............................................525
Teach Yourself Tansact-SQL in 21 Days .......................................................525
Teach Yourself PL/SQL in 21 Days ............................................................525
杂志...................................................................................................................526
DBMS.............................................................................................................526
oracle Magazine...............................................................................................526

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SQL 的互联网资源.................................................................................................526
附件E ACSLL 码表.............................................................................................................527
附件F 问题与练习答案........................................................................................................533
第一天SQL 简介.................................................................................................533
问题答案.........................................................................................................533
练习答案.........................................................................................................533
第二天查询— — Select 语句的使用..................................................................533
问题答案.........................................................................................................533
练习答案.........................................................................................................534
第三天表达式条件语句与运算.........................................................................535
问题答案.........................................................................................................535
练习答案.........................................................................................................535
第四天函数对获得数据的进一步处理...............................................................536
问题答案.........................................................................................................536
练习答案.........................................................................................................537
第五天SQL 中的子句..........................................................................................538
问题答案.........................................................................................................538
练习答案.........................................................................................................538
第六天表的联接..................................................................................................540
问题答案.........................................................................................................540
练习答案.........................................................................................................541
第7 天子查询内嵌的Select 语句............................................................542
问题答案.........................................................................................................542
练习答案.........................................................................................................544
第八天操作数据..................................................................................................544
问题答案.........................................................................................................544
练习答案.........................................................................................................546
第九天创建和操作表...........................................................................................546
问题答案.........................................................................................................546
练习答案.........................................................................................................548
第10 天创建视图和索引.......................................................................................549
问题答案.........................................................................................................549
练习答案.....................................................................................................550
第11 天事务处理控制.........................................................................................550
问题答案.........................................................................................................550
练习答案.........................................................................................................551
第12 天数据库安全............................................................................................552

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问题答案.........................................................................................................552
练习答案.........................................................................................................552
第13 天高级 SQL.................................................................................................553
问题答案.........................................................................................................553
练习答案.........................................................................................................553
第14 天动态使用SQL ........................................................................................554
问题答案.........................................................................................................554
练习答案.........................................................................................................554
第15 天对SQL 语句优化以提高其性能...............................................................555
问题答案.........................................................................................................555
练习答案.........................................................................................................555
第16 天用视图从数据字典中获得信息................................................................557
问题答案.........................................................................................................557
练习答案.........................................................................................................557
第17 天使用SQL 来生成SQL 语句....................................................................558
问题答案.........................................................................................................558
练习答案.........................................................................................................560
第18 天PL/SQL 简介..........................................................................................561
问题答案.........................................................................................................561
练习答案.........................................................................................................561
第19 天TRANSACT-SQL 简介............................................................................562
问题答案.........................................................................................................562
练习答案.........................................................................................................562
第20 天SQL*PLUS .............................................................................................563
问题答案.........................................................................................................563
练习答案.........................................................................................................563
第21 天常见的SQL 错误及解决方法..................................................................564
问题答案.........................................................................................................564
练习答案.........................................................................................................565

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